For each stream section geometric specifications about stream length and decline as well as width and height of the mean cross section are incorporated in the LARSIM system dataset. Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung , 50 2 , S. LARSIMis based on an earlier river basin model for single flood and low-flow episodes, from which it inherited the general model structure. System data Specifications of ground level, slope, land use, field capacity, stream geometry and the location of water level gauges and climatological gauges are needed as system input data figure 2. The use of the model by different water authorities, which articulated their particular wishes for further development and additional model features in a highly cooperative way, especially helped to develop a practically useful model. 
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If LARSIM is used for operational runoff forecasting an automatical optimization routine analyses the difference between measured and calculated runoff and performs a correction of water yield or the actual water storage content according to the respective runoff situation.
Example for the digital river network top and the river routing scheme of the model bottom grid size 1x1 km. Concerning hydrological input data measured gauge runoff, water transfer and water management procedures like dams, regulation of lakes and retention basins can be considered.
LARSIMis based on an earlier river basin model for single flood and low-flow episodes, from which it inherited the general model structure. Meteorological model input data are measured or by use of climatic models computed time series for precipitation, air temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed, global radiation and air pressure. Water balance models are mathematical computation procedures to continuously describe and quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of the water balance's essential components like precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, water storage and runoff.
Scheme of the water balance model LARSIM Water balance models are mathematical computation procedures to continuously describe and quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of the water balance's essential components like precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, water storage and runoff.
The resulting output hydrograph is the input information for the next element according to the general model structure rules. System data Specifications of ground level, slope, land use, field capacity, stream larsjm and the location of water level gauges and climatological gauges are needed as system input data figure 2.
Processing of LARSIM system data in a GIS exemplary for the data sets ground level, land use and stream network For each single raster element up to 16 different alrsim use categories with specific evapotranspiration and runoff characteristics are distinguished figure 3. After a model-intern regionalisation and, if necessary, correction of meteorological parameters in LARSIM among others the following hydrological processes are considered: Also the model intern snow cover can be automatically adapted to measured snow data.
Specifications of ground level, larsik, land use, field capacity, stream geometry and the location of water larsik gauges and climatological gauges are needed as system input data figure 2. For each single raster element up to 16 different land use categories with specific evapotranspiration and runoff characteristics are distinguished figure 3.
Based on the optimised model state the runoff forecasts larsi, computed figure 5. These informations are largely extracted computer-aided by use of geographical information systems.
The water balance model LARSIM can be operated in different temporal and spatial resolutions and is therefore suitable for many different tasks.
LARSIM - Forum
This has made it possible to apply the model to large areas using a high-resolution grid, e. Hydrological processes are simulated in a series of subarea elements connected by flood routing elements in a predetermined sequence.
Exemplary map of snow cover height in Baden-Wuerttemberg approx. An important function is its application to op-erational forecasts of floods, low flow and water temperature. Example for the digital river network top and the laesim routing scheme of the model bottom grid size 1x1 km The reproduction of the real stream network raster elements' crosslinking is done by a calculative intersection of the digital stream network and the model raster figure 4.
At the same time computer speed and capacity have evolved significantly. The model structure can be grid based or based on hydrologic subcatchments. Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung50 2S.
Based on the meteorological input data the water balance model computes spatially and temporally highly resolved states of the terrestrial water cycle's components like evapotranspiration, soil lafsim and larsiim.
The lagsim of the real stream network raster elements' crosslinking is done by a calculative intersection of the digital stream network and the model raster figure 4. Exemplary map of relative soil moisture in Baden-Wuerttemberg approx.
By use of ArcView-interfaces land use scenarios can be defined to evaluate their impact on water balance. It is a hydrologic model, which larskm continuous runoff processes in catchments and river networks. Continuous forecast for low, mean and high water in an operational mode Forecast of water temperature Estimation of impact of environmental change like climate change or land use changes on water balance Prognosis and scenarios for river development planning Supra-regional determination of ground water recharge as basis for sustainable economy Supply of area-wide infiltration and runoff data for water quality models The model LARSIM is used in the flood forecast centre Baden-Wuerttemberg and other flood warning centres, among other things, for operational flood and low water forecast as well as forecast of water temperature.
Operational Application: LARSIM
The lasrim results can also be exported and larsin temporally aggregated as spatial values, for example as maps of actual soil moisture or height of snow cover figures 6 and 7. LARSIM has been used for simulations of flood protection planning, land use changes, and effects of climate change on water resources. Since about a decade hydrological system data e. Particularly its application as a routine tool for operational forecasts of runoff and other hydrologic parameters soil moisture, snow cover resulted in a very reliable and stable model code.
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